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The effectiveness of music therapy methods on behavioral disorders and social skills of children with autism spectrum disorder

The effectiveness of music therapy methods on behavioral disorders and social skills of children with autism spectrum disorder

The effectiveness of music therapy methods on behavioral disorders and social skills of children with autism spectrum disorder

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The effectiveness of music therapy methods on behavioral disorders and social skills of children with autism spectrum disorder

3 Sep 2020
The effectiveness of music therapy methods on behavioral disorders and social skills of children with autism spectrum disorder
 
Music is a phenomenon that originated from us and affects us, and that is why it is used as a therapeutic method. Gaston, one of the early founders of music therapy, emphasized the fact that music is human behavior, not because man creates it, but because man creates his relationship with it. Music therapy is the prescribed and organized use of music or its activities for maladaptive situations under the supervision of trained personnel to assist clients in achieving therapeutic goals (Rafie, 2006).
 
The use of music in the healing of patients has ancient and historical roots and has been used in some ancient cultures and civilizations. In general, two groups of civilizations are involved in the growth and development of music therapy. First, there was the ancient Greek and Roman civilizations, which had a scientific and medical view of music. The Greeks believed in the god Apollo, the goddess of medicine and music. The musical power of Apollo regulated the irregularities and inconsistencies of the body and restored health to the sick. ، 1386).
 
Methodologically, music therapy is defined as a prescriptive and organized intervention that uses musical instruments for therapeutic purposes (Jacqueline Tapers, 1992).
 
There are generally seven major approaches to music and music therapy interventions around the world. These methods include:
 
1. Passive Music Therapy (PMT)
In this way, people can listen to their favorite music. In some cases, listening is targeted and people can control and manipulate the sound of the audio or computer. One type of this method is called theme therapy (Johari Fard, 2006).
 
2. Active Music Therapy (AMT)
In this way, people actively participate in musical activities such as playing, singing, physical movements, and so on. In the active way, musical instruments are organized to connect the sensory organs of the body, so that appropriate motor and emotional responses are obtained from them. This method has been well used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease as a psychomotor disorder (Pakchetti et al., 1998).
 
3. Music therapy and counseling
In this way, by playing a music with a creative theme, you can stimulate people's memories and emotions and deepen the therapeutic relationship. Unconscious analysis and central beliefs have always been accompanied by conscious resistance from clients. Creative themes facilitate access to unconscious materials (psychoanalytic approach) and central beliefs (cognitive approach) by crossing conscious boundaries.
 
4. Music and transformational and educational topics
This method is often used for normal and sometimes retarded children. Musical instruments along with educational poems and musical exercises are used to reinforce and shape the desired behaviors (behavioral approach), self-help and learning.
 
5. Music and stimulation
This method is used by various musical instruments to stimulate and strengthen the senses such as hearing, touch and sight, and increase a person's motor and motor function. In some cases, this method is used to guide the person's imagination and consciousness, in order to reduce anxiety and depression.
 
6. Music with biofeedback
Bio-feedback techniques seek to gain some control over one's bodily functions, which function naturally automatically and out of consciousness, by providing objective and measurable information to one about one or more physiological processes. Kaplan and Saruk, 1999). This technique is used in music therapy by combining music with the patient's biological feedback and increasing the desired responses and reducing physiological discomfort. Using soothing themes in this way can be effective. The effect of this method in reducing tension headaches has been identified.
 
7. Musical group activities
In this way, musical instruments can be used to increase interpersonal communication and group dynamics. Using creative and physical themes can stimulate the emotions and increase the mobility of each group. On the other hand, people can be invited to perform folk songs, group improvisations and artistic discussions (Johari Fard, 2007).
 
In recent decades, researchers have studied the effect of music therapy on various mental and physical illnesses. So far, more than two thousand systematic researches on the effect of music on various actions and fields in psychiatry, medicine and rehabilitation have been done, which generally shows the positive effect of musical activities.
 
Pankins, Aubrey, Perts, Barrios, Armoni and Concha; They differentiated between telephone and music and showed that music affects different parts of the brain in the anterior part of the superior temporal gyrus (Anglo, 2014). In a study, Edward and Michael found that the effects of music therapy and social stories on autistic children improve their perception and generalization of learning behavior and social information (Simpson, 2013).
 
 Studies have shown that listening to music reduces muscle contraction in autistic children and adolescents (Skill and Wigram, 1995).
 
Wigram (۶006), in another study found that music therapy affects the autonomic nervous system and blood pressure of these autistic people.
 
Music therapy can also reduce the problems of autistic children by activating the brain's mirror neurons, as some researchers believe that many of the problems of autistic children are due to performance disorders. It is mirror neurons (Katherine et al., 2010).
 
Research shows that music therapy has a significant effect on the social skills and communication of autistic children after 6 months of music therapy and music education, which is consistent with the results of research by Planquist et al. (2009).
 
The stereotypical movements of autistic children are mostly due to their lack of sensory integration. With movements and activities performed with rhythmic movements along with rhythmic music, many vestibular and deep sensations and stimuli can be created in these children. And led them to greater sensory integration, which will result in a reduction in stereotyped behaviors in these children.

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3 Sep 2020
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